S2CID 5432523.Comfrey ( Symphytum officinale ), or common comfrey, has been known by many names, including boneset, knitbone, bruisewort, black wort, salsify, ass ear, wall wort, slippery root, gum plant, healing herb, consound, or knit back. "Efficacy and safety of comfrey root extract ointment in the treatment of acute upper or lower back pain: results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. "Hepatic veno-occlusive disease associated with comfrey ingestion".
"A reappraisal of the Malaise Inventory". ^ Grant, G Nolan, M Ellis, N (July 1990).Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews. "Metabolism, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of Comfrey". : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) University of Wisconsin, Extension, Cooperative-Extension. ^ Teynor, Putnam, Doll, Kelling, Oelke, Undersander, and Oplinger.Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Comfrey is particularly contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation, in infants, and in people with liver, kidney, or vascular diseases. In 2001, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued a ban of comfrey products marketed for internal use, and a warning label for those intended for external use. In modern herbalism, comfrey is most commonly used topically. Liver toxicity is associated with consuming this plant or its extracts.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are responsible for comfreys production of hepatotoxicity.
The tradition in different cultures and languages suggest a common belief in its usefulness for mending bones.Ĭomfrey contains mixed phytochemicals in varying amounts, including allantoin, mucilage, saponins, tannins, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and inulin, among others. Similarly, the common French name is consoude, meaning to weld together. Phytochemistry, folk medicine, and toxicity įolk medicine names for comfrey include knitbone, boneset, and the derivation of its Latin name Symphytum (from the Greek symphis, meaning growing together of bones, and phyton, a plant), referring to its ancient uses. Offsets can also be purchased by mail order from specialist nurseries in order to initially build up a stock of plants. The original plant will quickly recover, and each piece can be replanted with the growing points just below the soil surface, and will quickly grow into new plants. This removes the crown, which can then be split into pieces. The gardener can produce "offsets" from mature, strongly growing plants by driving a spade horizontally through the leaf clumps about 7 cm (2.8 in) below the soil surface. JSTOR ( May 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)īocking 14 is sterile, and therefore will not set seed (one of its advantages over other cultivars as it will not spread out of control) thus, it is propagated from root cuttings.Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. This section needs additional citations for verification. peregrinum) – Russian comfrey, healing herb, blackwort, bruisewort, wallwort, gum plant Symphytum grandiflorum – creeping comfrey.Symphytum caucasicum – Caucasian comfrey.Symphytum brachycalyx - Palestine comfrey.Symphytum asperum – prickly comfrey, rough comfrey.They are not to be confused with Andersonglossum virginianum, known as wild comfrey, another member of the borage family. × uplandicum, are used in gardening and herbal medicine. officinale, Symphytum grandiflorum, and S. Some species and hybrids, particularly S. Symphytum is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae, known by the common name comfrey (pronounced / ˈ k ʌ m f r i/).
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